{"id":26770,"date":"2026-09-21T13:26:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-21T11:26:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/scheer-pas.com\/en\/?post_type=post_type_article&p=26770"},"modified":"2026-09-24T13:16:17","modified_gmt":"2026-09-24T11:16:17","slug":"the-four-approaches-to-process-automation-and-when-to-use-each","status":"publish","type":"post_type_article","link":"https:\/\/scheer-pas.com\/en\/blog\/article\/the-four-approaches-to-process-automation-and-when-to-use-each\/","title":{"rendered":"The Four Approaches to Process Automation (and When to Use Each One)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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September 16 | Sharam Dadashnia<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
Not all automation is created equal. Nevertheless, in many discussions, four very different approaches are grouped under the same term: a rule-based workflow, a single AI agent, an agent acting as an orchestrator, and a business process in which a process engine specifically controls agents.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
This leads to poor decisions. One team expects an AI agent to provide the traceability of a BPMN process. Another spends months building a process architecture, even though a single fixed rule would have sufficed. Yet another automates individual tasks, even though the bottleneck lies between departments, systems, and wait times.<\/p>\n
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The right question, therefore, is not: Where can we use AI?<\/i> But rather: What kind of decision needs to be made at which point in a process\u2014and what form of automation is appropriate for that?<\/i><\/p>\n
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The current state of affairs confirms this distinction. The BPM Pulse Survey 2026 by BearingPoint<\/a> describes AI in process management as a relevant topic, while the productive use of agent-based systems simultaneously raises questions about control, transparency, and accountability. Agents expand process automation. They do not automatically make it better.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Below, four approaches are presented side by side\u2014along with their appropriate areas of application and their limitations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> Rule-based automation is the right approach when the workflow is known, the inputs are structured, and the decision is unambiguous.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n An example: An invoice is approved if the order number, amount, and cost center match the stored data. A purchase order is forwarded if it exceeds a specified value. A data record is created as soon as all required fields are filled in.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n No agent is needed here. There are no open-ended questions to interpret. The rule can be reviewed, tested, and modified as needed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This is not a step backward compared to AI. On the contrary: deterministic steps are often faster, more cost-effective, and easier to trace. They should remain where they fit.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Rule-based automation works particularly well when:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Its limitations lie in unstructured information and cases that require judgment. An email from a customer, a technical document, a complaint with conflicting details, or a natural-language inquiry cannot be reliably handled with a rigid set of if-then rules.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This is where AI agents come into their own.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> A single AI agent handles a task that requires language, documents, context, or a reasoned assessment.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n For example, it can:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The key difference from rule-based automation: The agent does not merely process a fixed condition. It evaluates information within a specified framework. To do this, it uses a language model, context, tools, and clearly defined inputs and outputs.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This can significantly reduce the amount of manual preparatory work, particularly in document and communication processes. Fraunhofer IAIS cites intelligent process automation\u2014including for document processes as well as applications in sales, purchasing, and HR\u2014as an area of application for AI. It is crucial that the AI does not operate in isolation but is integrated into business processes in a controlled manner. See Fraunhofer IAIS: Intelligent Process Automation<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n A single agent makes sense when:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The limitation: A helpful agent does not yet constitute a controllable end-to-end process.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n If an agent summarises an email, that is a single task. However, if that email initiates a customer inquiry, triggers a technical review, requires data from multiple systems, awaits approval, generates a quote, and triggers a follow-up after ten days, a single agent is no longer sufficient.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The agent can handle individual steps. It should not be the sole determinant of what happens to the entire process.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> An orchestrator agent plans and coordinates multiple steps. For example, it decides which tools to use, what information is missing, and in what order subtasks should be executed.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This sounds like a natural next step: Instead of building five specialised automations, you give an agent a goal and the necessary tools. The agent checks data, accesses systems, evaluates results, and takes the next step.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This can work for limited, knowledge-intensive tasks. For instance, during research, a preliminary review, a case analysis, or the preparation of a decision memo. Platform providers now also describe workflows in which agents are used alongside traditional workflows. Microsoft explicitly distinguishes between agents and workflows: Agents are designed for more variable, context-dependent work, while workflows execute a predetermined sequence of steps. See Microsoft Learn: Agent workflows<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The strength of an Orchestrator agent lies in situations where the path to the result isn\u2019t the same every time.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Example: A request for a complex replacement part comes in. The agent reads the request, reviews the available information, searches for relevant product data, identifies open issues, and creates a follow-up query or a structured template for the sales team.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n This is significantly more than a single prompt. Nevertheless, the question remains: Who manages the process if it takes weeks rather than minutes to complete?<\/p>\n <\/p>\n An Orchestrator agent reaches its limits when:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Then an intelligent task becomes a business process. And business processes require more than just planning based on a model.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> In the fourth approach, the process remains the guiding structure. A process engine controls the workflow: sequence, responsibilities, deadlines, waiting states, escalations, human approvals, and system integration. AI agents are deployed where judgment, language, or the processing of unstructured information is required.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n That is the crucial difference.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n No single agent attempts to keep the entire workflow in mind. The process maintains the state. No single language model decides on its own which action is permissible. The process model and permissions define the framework. There\u2019s no need to painstakingly piece together logs later. The workflow provides a traceable history.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n A quotation process illustrates why this is important:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The agent is no less valuable here. They are simply deployed where they can best leverage their strengths. The system reads, evaluates, structures, or formulates. The process engine ensures that the process remains controllable across system boundaries, wait times, and responsibilities.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>Approach 1: Rule-based automation<\/h2>\t<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>
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<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>Approach 2: A single AI agent for a specific task<\/h2>\t<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>
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<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>Approach 3: An orchestrator agent for multi-step tasks<\/h2>\t<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>
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<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>Approach 4: Agents orchestrated by a process engine<\/h2>\t<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>
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